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<title>Japanization</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanization</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Japanization</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">皇民化運動</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">皇民化运动</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">movement to make people become subjects of the emperor</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">huángmínhuà yùndòng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄏㄨㄤˊㄇㄧㄣˊㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄣˋㄉㄨㄥˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">waonminho yiuindon</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">wong4 man4 faa3 wan6 dung6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">hông-bîn-hòa ūn-tōng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">日本化運動</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">日本化运动</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">movement to make something more Japanese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">rìběnhuà yùndòng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄖˋㄅㄣˇㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄣˋㄉㄨㄥˋ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">황민화정책<br>황민화운동 <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">皇民化政策<br>皇民化運動 <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">hwangminhwa jeongchaek<br>hwangminhwa undong <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">hwangminhwa chŏngch'aek<br>hwangminhwa untong <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">皇民化政策<br>皇民化運動 <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">こうみんかせいさく<br>こうみんかうんどう <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">kōminka seisaku<br>kōminka undō <small>(alt.)</small></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Japanization</b> or <b>Japanisation</b> is the process by which <a href="Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a> dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures. According to <i><a href="The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i>, "To japanize" means "To make or become Japanese in form, idiom, style, or character".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, areas occupied by Japan were subject to long-term colonisation and assimilation with a few (i.e., Hokkaido and <a href="Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>) remaining Japanized post-World War II.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>During the <a href="Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185), Chinese cultural influence began to wane and a more distinct Japanese identity began to form. By this time, the <a href="Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato people</a> had also consolidated control over <a href="Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> by dominating the northern <a href="Emishi" title="Emishi">Emishi</a> people. External trade also grew with the establishment of <i><a href="Nihonmachi" title="Nihonmachi">nihonmachi</a></i> abroad<i>.</i>

</p><p>By the late 16th century, Japan was politically reunified under the leadership of <a href="Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> and his successor, <a href="Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>. For much of the following <a href="Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1600–1868), an <a href="Sakoku" title="Sakoku">isolationst diplomacy</a> was practiced, during which Japan did not expand significantly. This increased political and economic stability and standardized laws and customs across the main Japanese islands. Limited regional expansion north did, however, bring Japan into rivalry with <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia.</a>

</p><p>After the <a href="Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868, the <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> began to follow the way of western imperialism and expansionism. Victories against Russia and <a href="Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> China saw the focus of expansionism also shift south with the policy of <i><a href="Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">Nanshin-ron</a></i> ("Southern Expansion Doctrine"). As a result, Japanization began to have a negative meaning because of military conquests and forced introduction of Japanese culture in colonized and conquered areas.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</h3></div>

<p><a href="Ezo" title="Ezo">Ezo</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蝦夷</span></span>)</span> (also spelled <b>Yezo</b> or <b>Yeso</b>) is the Japanese term historically used to refer to the people and the islands to the northeast of Honshu. This included the northern Japanese island of <a href="Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and sometimes included <a href="Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>. The inhabitants of these islands, the <a href="Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>, historically suffered from economic and social discrimination, as both the Japanese government and mainstream population at the time regarded them as primitive and backwards.

</p><p>The majority of Ainu were assimilated as petty laborers during the Meiji Restoration, which saw the annexation of Hokkaido into the <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> and the privatization of traditional lands. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Japanese government also denied the rights of the Ainu to their traditional cultural practices, such as hunting, gathering, and speaking their native language.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okinawa">Okinawa</h3></div>

<p>In 1879, Japan officially <a href="Ryukyu_Disposition" title="Ryukyu Disposition">annexed</a> the <a href="Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Kingdom">Ryūkyū Kingdom</a>, which was a tributary kingdom of both the Qing dynasty and the Empire of Japan. Prior to this time, however, the kingdom, while technically remaining a Chinese vassal state, had been under the long-term influence of the <a href="Satsuma_Clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma Clan">Satsuma Clan</a> since the <a href="Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">invasion of 1609</a>.

</p><p>Though the <a href="Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a> belong to the <a href="Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic language family</a>, the Japanese language is not intelligible to monolingual speakers of the Ryukyuan languages. The Japanese government regarded the Ryukyuan languages as <a href="Dialects_of_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Japanese">dialects of Japanese</a>, and began to promote a language "standardization" program. In schools, "standard" Japanese was promoted, and portraits of the Japanese Emperor and Empress were introduced in classrooms. Many high-ranking Japanese military officers went to inspect Okinawan schools to ensure that the Japanization was functioning well in the education system. This measure did not meet expectations in the beginning, partly because many local children's shares of their heavy family labor impeded their presence in schools, and partly because people of the old Okinawan ruling class received a more Chinese-style education and were not interested in learning "standard" Japanese.

</p><p>To promote assimilation, the Japanese government also discouraged some local customs.<sup id="cite_ref-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the local people resisted these assimilation measures. However, after China was defeated in the <a href="First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1895, people lost confidence in China, and the resistance to Japanization became weaker, though it did not disappear. Men and women began to adopt more Japanese-styled names.<sup id="cite_ref-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Imperial_Subject_Public_Service_Association" title="Imperial Subject Public Service Association">Imperial Subject Public Service Association</a></div>

<p>After the signing of the <a href="Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> in April 1895, Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan as a result of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. At the start, Taiwan was governed rather like a colony. In 1936, after the arrival of the 17th <a href="Governor-General_of_Taiwan" title="Governor-General of Taiwan">governor-general</a>, <a href="Seiz%C5%8D_Kobayashi" title="Seizō Kobayashi">Seizō Kobayashi</a>, there was a change in the Japanese governance in Taiwan. Kobayashi was the first non-civilian governor-general since 1919. He proposed three principles of the new governance: the Kōminka movement<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">皇民化運動</span></span>)</span>, industrialization, and making Taiwan a base for southward expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The Kominka movement (1937 to 1945) can be viewed as a continuation of the ongoing process of assimilation and a crucial part of the Japanese Empire's wartime mobilization, which was not intended to grant constitutional rights to the colonized.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Kominka” literally means "to transform the colonial peoples into imperial subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the movement had four major programs. First, the "national language movement"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">國語運動</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokugo undō</i></span>)</span> promoted the Japanese language by teaching Japanese instead of Taiwanese Hokkien in the schools and by banning the use of <a href="Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> in <a href="Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">the press</a>. The number of "national language speakers" in Taiwan reached 51 percent of the population in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, the "name changing campaign"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">改姓名</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseimei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> replaced Taiwanese's <a href="Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese names</a> with <a href="Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese names</a>.The name-changing program in Taiwan was initiated by the colonial government, which aimed to assimilate Taiwanese into Japanese culture and claimed Taiwanese demonstrated imperial loyalty during Japan's war in China, leading many to wish to bear names similar to ethnic Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirdly, the "recruitment of military volunteers"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">志願兵制度</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shiganhei seidō</i></span>)</span> drafted Taiwanese subjects into the <a href="Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and encouraged them to die in the service of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial Japanese Army recruited <a href="Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a> from Taiwanese indigenous peoples during the Second World War. Takasagozoku, a positive Japanese name for Formosa, rather than savages by the emperor's direct order. They were encouraged to use Japanese names, pray at shrines, and perform military service. Due to a large number of volunteers, they had to draw lots to determine who would have the honor of joining the Japanese military.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takasagozoku were known for their jungle survival ability and were organized into the Kaoru Special Attack Corps for a suicide mission. Fourthly, the religious reform promoted the Japanese <a href="State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> and attempted to eradicate traditional indigenous religion, a hybrid of Buddhism, Daoism, and folk beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Japanese shrines in Taiwan increased significantly between 1937 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a> and <a href="League_of_Mobilization_in_Korea" title="League of Mobilization in Korea">League of Mobilization in Korea</a></div>

<p>From 1910 to 1945, Korea was incorporated as a part of the Empire of Japan under the name Chōsen (朝鮮), the Japanese reading of Joseon.

</p><p>The use of the <a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> was banned in schools after 1937 as part of the <i>naisen-ittai</i> program, along with the teaching of Japanese language and culture in schools instead of Korean culture and history. During the Second World War, the use of written Korean in education and publications was also banned.

</p><p>During this period, Koreans were forced to change their family name to a Japanese one. As part of the repression of Korean culture, the Japanese authorities in <a href="S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Korea forced the Koreans to adopt and use Japanese names</a> and identify as such.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanyo">Nanyo</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>, formally the Japanese Mandate for the Governance of the South Seas Islands<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">委任統治地域南洋群島</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Inin Tōchi-ryō Nan'yō Guntō</i></span>)</span>, represented the Pacific islands taken from Germany in World War I and administered by Japan from 1914 until 1947. Japanization of the islands occurred as the increasing <a href="Japanese_settlement_in_Micronesia" title="Japanese settlement in Micronesia">Japanese settlement in Micronesia</a> saw a shift towards Japanese political, economic, and educational structures. After the war, the area became the <a href="Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div>

<p><a href="Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> was promoted in several Japanese colonies, where local peoples adopted the sport as a way of proving their capabilities against Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Japanization">"Japanization – definition of Japanization by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPRI_Occasional_Paper_No._8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630161946/http://www.jpri.org/publications/occasionalpapers/op8.html">"JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpri.org/publications/occasionalpapers/op8.html">the original</a> on June 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606125959/http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch23/ch23_sec01.htm">"第一節皇民化運動"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch23/ch23_sec01.htm">the original</a> on June 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.” The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945, edited by Peter Duus et al., Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 41. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mjqvc6.6">https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mjqvc6.6</a>. Accessed 23 Mar. 2024</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 41.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 54</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 55.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChing2001" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Leo T. S. (2001). <i>Becoming "Japanese": Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation</i>. Berkeley: <a href="University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>95. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-22553-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon, Scott. "Making Natives: Japan and the Creation of Indigenous Formosa." Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy. Ed. Andrew D. Morris London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. 89–90. SOAS Studies in Modern and Contemporary Japan. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Mar. 2024. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474220026.ch-004">http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474220026.ch-004</a>>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 46.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 45.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCho2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Younghan (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498">"Double binding of Japanese colonialism: trajectories of baseball in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea"</a></span>. <i>Cultural Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">926–</span>948. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09502386.2015.1094498">10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-2386">0950-2386</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Cultural_assimilation56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicization</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li>

<li><a href="Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_assimilation_in_Azerbaijan" title="Forced assimilation in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijanization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijanization_of_surnames" title="Azerbaijanization of surnames">surnames</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_assimilation_of_Talysh_people_in_Azerbaijan" title="Forced assimilation of Talysh people in Azerbaijan">Talysh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a>

<li><a href="Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakization</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarization</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticization</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilenization_of_Tacna%2C_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Colombianization_of_Leticia%2C_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolization</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatization</a></li>

<li><a href="Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicization</a></li>

<li><a href="Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicization</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> or Castilianization

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_Filipinos" title="Spanish Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonezation</a></li>

<li><a href="Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakhization" title="Kazakhization">Kazakhization</a></li>

<li><a href="Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> or Hungarianization</li>

<li><a href="Macedonianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianization">Macedonianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexicanization" title="Mexicanization">Mexicanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolization</a></li>

<li><a href="Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinization</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegianization" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> or Latinization

<ul><li><a href="Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritization</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sinicization_of_the_Manchus" title="Sinicization of the Manchus">Manchus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Era_of_Northern_Domination#Sinicization" title="First Era of Northern Domination">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicization</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a></li>

<li><a href="Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li>

<li><a href="Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li>

<li><a href="Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li>

<li><a href="Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekization</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamization</a></li>

<li><a href="Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofization</a></li>

<li><a href="Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianization</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduization</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization of the writings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="De-arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabization">De-arabization</a></li>

<li><a href="Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communization</a>

<ul><li><a href="De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization of Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li>

<li><a href="Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li>

<li><a href="Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization</a></li>

<li><a href="Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicization</a></li>

<li><a href="Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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